The issue of indigenous Australian music in the concert hall has come up again for me recently, so I thought I'd reprint this account of what I consider to be the first orchestral concert ever entirely devoted to Australian indigenous music.
Meetings on stage - Australian indigenous music in the concert hall
Can
an indigenous worldview be expressed through the symphony orchestra? Can the
symphony orchestra, the repository of European musical thought, serve as a
vehicle for the expression of indigenous aspirations?
ORCHESTRA
DREAMING, which
was presented at the Adelaide Festival in 1998, canvassed and celebrated the
ways in which indigenous and orchestral music can meet, acknowledging the
mutual innovation, adjustment and resolution which makes that meeting possible.
In
March 1998, Symphony Australia, jointly with the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra,
presented ORCHESTRA DREAMING as part of that year’s Adelaide Festival. ORCHESTRA
DREAMING could be claimed as the first concert devoted to the theme of a meeting
between Aboriginal and European orchestral music. It is appropriate that this
concert be considered at Adelaide's Musical Visions conference which takes
place some months after the event (June 1998), and has the twin themes of
popular music and Arnhem Land performance traditions.
Each
of the works on the ORCHESTRA DREAMING program — Peter Sculthorpe's Kakadu,
Richard Mills's Earth Poem/Sky Poem, and particularly, the new work
premiered in this concert, Music is our Culture (the product of a joint
compositional effort by four Aboriginal musicians and one white composer) —
spoke to this issue of musical engagement in some way. Earth Poem/Sky Poem
saw the combining of orchestra with traditional Yolngu music from the Top End. Music
is our Culture acknowledged a modern Aboriginal musical culture in western
popular forms. Kakadu however is a purely orchestral piece.
In
effect, the program traced a history of engagement from relatively early
techniques of quotation and utilisation by European composers (Kakadu);
to a slightly more venturesome juxtapositioning (Earth Poem); to a near
synthesis (Culture).
Peter
Sculthorpe's music, for example, maps a European-Australian nationalism which
has gradually come to acknowledge Aboriginal precedence in this land. Early
Australian art reflected a view of Australia as a vast emptiness, of the bush
(in D.H.Lawrence's words) 'waiting… waiting… hoarily waiting'*. But for what?
The entrance of people? There were always people here, people who had named
every hill, creek, soak or swamp, and Sculthorpe's music has gradually apprised
itself of that reality. Kakadu also makes use of the first Aboriginal
tune to be taken down by Europeans, members of Baudin's expedition in 1802. In
expectation of a continuing rapprochement between black and white performing
traditions, it was appropriate that ORCHESTRA DREAMING began with a
piece which quotes the first example of Aboriginal music to find its way into
European cultural consciousness, from a composer who has done so much to turn
the western orchestral repertoire to face this country.
Just
as Sculthorpe's music sees an advance on earlier engagements with Aboriginal
culture, the two remaining works on the program displayed a more involved
collaboration between Aboriginal Australian and European Australian musicians.
Richard
Mills's Earth Poem/Sky Poem was devised in consultation with Djamina
Gurruwiwi and the Galpu Wilderness Dancers And Elcho Island Dancers at
Milingimbi and Galiwin'ku (Elcho Island) in the Northern Territory, back in
1993/94. The work juxtaposes orchestral music with songs taken from the
repertoire of the Galpu clan of Elcho Island in Eastern Arnhem Land. The
overall effect is one of collage; the music of both cultures expressed in their
own way. In Music is our Culture, on the other hand, the first work for
symphony orchestra by indigenous Australians, Aboriginal and European musical
traditions intermix.
On
paper, a fusion of the European symphony orchestra and Aboriginal music looks
incredibly ambitious, if not impossible. Consider that we associate classical
orchestral music with polish, clean intonation, the ironing out of logical
kinks. It's a style of music which aims for seamless development. Real life
rarely seeps into orchestral performance, as it does into traditional
Aboriginal ritual, where the proscenium could be considered to be the entire
tribal domain — the time-scale eternity.
At a
deeper ideological level, the orchestra, or more particularly its central
repertoire, expresses a European goal-oriented view of the world — a sometimes
avaricious compulsion to reach constructed climaxes. It is music which reflects
the concerns of a society which has to a large extent engineered its
environment.
Or at
least it is when we are talking about orchestral music of the 18th
and 19th centuries. There are aspects of 20th century
orchestral culture, which augur well for future associations with Aboriginal
music. Aspects related to the way the resources of orchestral music have been
opened up this century so that orchestral music can abandon a formal analogy
with argument, and express the experience of the moment, notions of stasis,
looser structures. Couple this with the fact that popular Aboriginal music
these days embraces western techniques — many of the basic tools of European
composition (chords, harmonically-shaped melodies, simple forms) — and we have
the basis for technical collaboration.
Yet,
even considering the way orchestral music has been freed up in the 20th
century such that it can incorporate outside influences, there would seem to be
few natural meeting points between European and Aboriginal cultures. One
assumes that we are talking about a fusion of the orchestra with traditional
Aboriginal music. Music is our Culture saw the combining of orchestral
music with a more modern, urban Aboriginal sound.
Music
is our Culture
developed out of a need felt by the then ABC orchestras to engage with
Australia's indigenous music-makers: to produce a piece which is a genuine
expression of the artistic aims of indigenous musicians in response to working
with a western classical orchestra and which helps reshape western music-making
with the benefit of indigenous insights.
When
this idea first surfaced, Symphony Australia's Artistic Administrator, US-born
Sam Dixon, struggled for months with the difficulties of finding a meeting
point between the cultures. When the project was first broached with Jenny
Newsome of Adelaide's Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music, she suggested
some guidelines which were more likely to guarantee an authentically indigenous
orchestral work, a real improvement on the usual 'appropriation':
-
the
work to be created collaboratively by a team who were to initiate creative
ideas all the way through;
-
the
team to comprise of musicians who are conversant with modern popular styles;
-
the
abandonment of a requirement for the orchestra to be treated as a monolith, and
the acceptance of words and dance as essential musical elements.
She
proposed a team comprising four musicians of different indigenous backgrounds:
-
Jardine
Kiwat, from North Queensland, of Torres Strait Island descent, a fusion
guitarist, singer, drummer and songwriter;
-
Grayson
Rotumah, from northern NSW, also a guitarist, of Bandjalung and Melanesian
descent;
-
Kerry
McKenzie, a virtuoso didjeridu player from north central NSW, of Gamilraay
descent, and
-
Jensen
Warusam, a Torres Strait Islander, the only traditional person in the team, a
former dancer with Bangarra and NAISDA, who also has knowledge of NE Arnhem
Land styles.
How
to assist this group compose for orchestra became the next question. Chester
Schultz, an Adelaide composer with extensive experience in the language and
musical revival of the Nunga people of Adelaide — and possessing arguably the
most extensive knowledge of, and sensitivity to, traditional and 'Contact'
Aboriginal music of any western-educated composer — assumed a unique role of
facilitator, editor, orchestrator, translator, researcher, scribe and
co-composer - a role requiring more self-effacement than the average composer
is prepared to submit to. Richard Mills, composer of Earth Poem/Sky Poem,
was engaged as Consultant Conductor for the workshop period and first
performance.
Symphony
Australia asked for a 30-minute work comprising song, dance and text, an
ensemble of indigenous performers and an orchestra of no greater than the ASO's
establishment strength (triple woodwind, a string strength of 12-10-7-6-5,
brass, harp and percussion). A pre-recorded tape track could complement the
live performance.
As
important as the team was, Music is our Culture is as much a product of
its method of composition which involved weekly or twice-weekly meetings of the
composing team and workshop-rehearsals with orchestra roughly every two months.
In
weekly sessions during 1997 the team grappled with issues of the participants'
heritage, the mixing of musical styles, the solving of technical problems, how
to express the conceptual themes musically, the peculiarities and possibilities
of the western classical orchestra. Musical segments were sketched and at one
stage the team experimented with the use of a 4-track cassette recorder in
order to hear and evaluate more easily the approximate sound of multi-layered
music which they could not, for practical reasons, play 'live' themselves.
Significantly, musical ideas tended to come up as a 'storyline' evolved and the
group grappled with linking the visual images.
How
the team worked with orchestra is a question of much interest. The first couple
of orchestral sessions consisted of testing various instrumentations of
material composed in traditional and graphic notation and seeking out meeting
points between Aboriginal and European instruments — essential for the team to
get to know the palette that they were to deal with. At one stage in the first
workshop in April 1997, Schultz asked Kiwat what other percussion instruments
he might want to hear, and Kiwat replied, 'Whatever earthy sounds there are to
go with lumut, warup, kulups and bilma, [the Torres Strait slit- and
hourglass-drums and shakers and Arnhem Land clapsticks which the team brought
along to the session]'. In June, Richard Mills set a deadline for presentation
of the complete piece in sketch form, and the composing team played the work as
a quintet in August. Thereafter, orchestral workshop sessions became more a
matter of testing the orchestration and weighting of fully composed sections.
It was a time for Schultz to change gears — from discreetly allowing the piece
to evolve out of the discoveries of the indigenous creators, to pressing for
firmer decisions about the orchestration, albeit negotiating agreement at every
stage.
The
path of such a collaboration is not exactly smooth. For example, it's fair to
say that at the beginning of the project the Aboriginal musicians were unaware
of such givens of orchestral culture as the firm dependence by orchestral
musicians on notation — this was solved partly by finding musicians within the
orchestra who were prepared to improvise and partly by Schultz assuming the role
of educator/guide. Another ongoing conflict was the need to balance orchestral
deadlines with the composing team's need for thinking space. Schultz concedes
the creative potential in such tensions, but feels that the workshop structure
was insufficiently different from the usual 'Young Composers' Workshop', where
the composer is already fully trained, has an ear for orchestral sounds, and
comes along with a nearly complete score which is then just tweaked into shape.
Mills, on the other hand, believes that the project was 'wisely planned because
there was time to explore and experiment without leaving the orchestral
musicians sitting around in call-time twiddling their thumbs'.
There
was always an issue of the degree to which traditional elements should be included.
Symphony Australia was mindful of the fact that audience members would expect
something sounding familiarly Aboriginal to emerge. In part, Kerry McKenzie's
didjeridu guaranteed that. But, as the only traditional man in the group,
Jensen Warusam most keenly felt the pressure to introduce traditional elements.
'This was an issue often discussed by the guys', said Schultz, who pointed out
that three of the team are far removed from the traditional past. He agreed
however, that without the hints of tradition visible in Warusam's choreography,
and the use of certain instruments, there would have been a lack of poignancy;
the message of dislocation might have been less dramatic.
In
the end, the team fulfilled their brief, producing a half hour work for orchestra,
indigenous musicians and dancers (Warusam and non-Aboriginal Juliette Bland). A
narration (culled from the team-members' recorded accounts of their
experiences) was read by actor, James Muir. Despite my partisan position as the
commissioning body’s representative, I regard Music is our Culture as
one of the most successful fusion pieces in the repertoire. It not only
conveyed the experience of Aboriginal people in the modern world, but blended a
large array of styles, moving easily from one genre to another. Interestingly,
the orchestra was not subjected to unusual formations or complements in the
end.
I
would ascribe the success of the work to the following ingredients:
(i) A judicious combination of talents
(ii) A productive structure for the creative
process, providing:
(a) Plenty
of opportunity for the team to thrash out their ideas, but also opportunities
for testing interim results, with editorial input by Mills and myself as the
commissioner's representative
(b) A
series of deadlines at stages along the way
(iii) Getting the creative process the right
way round; working out what needed to be said first and letting the
piece evolve rather than rush too soon into a musical scheme
It is
gratifying to Symphony Australia that team-members benefited from this project.
When Jardine Kiwat first saw the full orchestra he thought, 'How the hell am I
going to keep everybody busy?' Then he realised he didn't have to. 'Music is
our Culture stretched me in terms of working with a large group, not only
thinking of something for everybody to do, but how to rest them. Now [when I'm
working with my own group] I'm always thinking of a bigger picture'.
Music
is our Culture
premiered as part of ORCHESTRA DREAMING at Thebarton Theatre, 13 March
1998 to an audience whose response The Australian’s critic, Stephen
Whittington, described as 'rapturous'. In the closing minutes of Music is
our Culture you can get some idea of the power of the piece. Though a team
of five composers devised the work, it seems to tell one story, that of being
stolen from traditions. There is a poignancy in the predicament of the 'stolen
person' as the narrator tells us of life in the city at the end:
It's
hard to go back…
Hard
to go forward…
Hard
to know why.
We've
changed,…
I
know I have,
looking
for my traditions
in
another man's place.[i]
At
this point, musically, the high harp, warup, didjeridu and orchestra combine to
produce a unique instrumental sound, an authentic contribution to the tonal
palette of the orchestra from voices that are new to the medium. The last seven
or so minutes are perhaps the most poetic moments in a piece which is full of
poetry. Despite the 'realistic' concession that Reconciliation has not yet been
achieved, the music adroitly inserts hope beneath the understandable
scepticism.
Part
of the success of Music is our Culture derived from the blending of a
modern urban Aboriginal music with orchestra, blending styles where blend is
possible. But the ORCHESTRA DREAMING concert raised a potentially more
difficult problem. Richard Mills's Earth Poem/Sky Poem attempts a
combination of western orchestral music with traditional Aboriginal
music.
Mills's
Earth Poem/Sky Poem came out of a 3-month residency at Milingimbi and
Elcho Island in the Northern Territory. It was commissioned by the Darwin
Symphony Orchestra and first performed by them in December 1993, subsequently
opening the new NT Parliament House in Darwin in 1994. The recent performance
by the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra was the first outside the Northern Territory.
Mills
sees Earth Poem as a vision of the world of the Yolngu. Traditional
songs about brolgas, crocodiles and magpie geese are embedded in an orchestral
framework which basically describes the passing of a day, the orchestra
providing an environment for songs from two series, one of which according to
Steve Knopoff, 'involves a cluster of spirit-beings centred around Banumbirr
the Morning Star… The other series is an inland series related to the travels
of the Wawilak Sisters and (for the Galpu, though not all clans who sing
Wawilak songs) the great ancestral snake, [Wititj]'.[ii]
In
traditional practice these songs would separately follow various prescribed
sequences depending on the context in which they were being sung. In Earth
Poem/Sky Poem, however, the orchestra basically acts as a frame for a
roughly chronological presentation of the song-subjects. It is a spectacularly
simple solution to the question of how to combine these two very different
musical traditions.
I. Prelude
Yidakayi (Calling Songs)
II. Star
music
Banumbirr (Morning Star Song)
Star Sonata (solo flute, clarinet)
III. Sunrise
IV. Land
music
Wänga (Land) Man'tjarr (Leaves)
Ngatha (Food Gathering) Gurtha
(Fire)
V. Cloud
music
Cloud Sonata I. Mangan (Cloud
Song) Cloud Sonata II
VI. Animal
and bird music
Gurrumattji (Magpie
Geese) Bäru (Crocodile)
Bul'mandji (Shark) Weti
(Wallaby) Gudurrku (Brolga)
VII. Storm
Waltjan (Rain) Gapu
(Water) Wata (West Wind)
VIII. Sunset
IX. Nocturne
(solo violin)
X. Postlude
This is
not to say, however, that Earth Poem/Sky Poem is a more ambitious or
sophisticated piece than Music is our Culture. Music is our Culture
grappled with issues of far greater social and emotional complexity. With five
musicians exchanging their stories and talking and conferring over an 18 month
period, it is no surprise that Music is our Culture also resulted in a
more integrated union of elements. Yet, Earth Poem/Sky Poem attempts to
combine musics which do not have obvious commonalities; to bring them together
across what must be one of the greatest gulfs between cultures in the world.
It
could be asked what degree of insight listeners gained into the complexity of
Yolngu musical culture from this piece. For one thing, the appearance of
'painted-up' performers dancing in front of an orchestra was a constant
reminder of the contrast between the two cultures. Listeners also got to hear
traditional music in a context which promoted the drama, colour and rhythm of
the songs. The orchestral setting, with such devices as storms and nocturnes,
also enhanced the impression that these songs are very much linked to the
natural world of the Yolngu.
However,
the audience probably would not have gained a deeper understanding of the
musical processes at work in the Yolngu songs. Few listeners would have been
aware, or become aware, of the ways in which Yolngu songmen juggle textual
phrases or melodic alternatives.
That
said, the work was still the result of a laudable amount of cross-cultural
negotiation, sometimes at a deep, if not immediately apparent, level. Most
obviously, there were long orchestral interludes in which the Galpu Dancers had
to improvise choreography utilising traditional movements from their song
repertoire.
Behind
the scenes, negotiation with traditional performers provided an object lesson
in cross-cultural interaction for concert administrators accustomed to dealing
with classical music professionals.
One
of the ways in which Mills adjusts to the Yolngu way of doing things in Earth
Poem is to make use of two principal singers, one to represent each of the
two moieties (or halves) into which the Yolngu divide their world. A world in
which animals, humans, plants — all things — are either dhuwa or
yirritja. Thus there are two main singers in Earth Poem. A dhuwa singer
sings of subjects that are of the dhuwa moiety (eg. shark); a yirritja singer
may sing only of what is yirritja (eg. crocodile). The work reflects this
division throughout, and Symphony Australia therefore had to make sure that the
Galpu Dancers brought down singers from each of the tribal moieties. Earth
Poem/Sky Poem signalled the first time a Symphony Australia contract has
specified that a touring group supply 'one (1) singer of the dhuwa moiety, one
(1) singer of the yirritja moiety.'
As
well, the difficulty of knowing exactly who would turn up was a new experience
for classical music administrators. The program booklet (even the airline
tickets) listed certain singers based on the likelihood that they would
be able to appear. However, when the time came for the group to depart for
Adelaide, certain members who had been earmarked to perform had to stay behind
on Elcho Island to fulfil ceremonial obligations. Substitute performers had to
be found, and discussions then had to take place to ensure that these
'understudies' could perform the traditional material according to custom and
descent and other considerations.
Such
efforts are worthwhile in order to give musicians the chance to perform
together and let them and their audiences begin to appreciate each others'
craft, but even in the surface details of Earth Poem/Sky Poem — as a
musical product — there is something blatantly challenging and promising about
the way both cultures are paired. In many ways Earth Poem/Sky Poem is a
work of great beauty in that both cultures express themselves uninhibited by
the other. There is a real sense of sharing the limelight — the Yolngu dancers
are the feature when their songs are being performed; the orchestra has
generous opportunities to shine. Both cultures can come together it seems to be
saying, and it can be as simple as this.
---
But
would Yolngu people regard Earth Poem/Sky Poem as 'ganma' — to make use
of a Gumatj clan term which describes the confluence of salt water and fresh
water in tidal estuaries, and, more importantly, symbolises for them their
concept of the meeting and coalescence of difference? Well, I can't speak for
Yolngu people, but I do see tempting clues to the possibility that musical
meetings could be achieved at deeper structural levels, should they be desired.
There is the possibility of meeting at the level of creative invention, I would
have thought. After all, the Yolngu possess a tradition of manipulating musical
and symbolic material. Songmen select their textual phrases from a repertoire;
there is sufficient variability in the accompaniments of clapsticks and
didjeridu and the overlapping patterns of voice, sticks and didj to sustain
long-term interest. And just as the symbolism of shared song subjects can be used
to connect different strings of traditional songs, could not the manipulation
of symbolism serve as an analogue to western music's key modulation? There is
among the Yolngu of Yirrkala, as Steve Knopoff points out (1992), an
understanding of human creation, and a tradition of creating new songs (Yuta
manikay) out of traditional material. Aren’t there grounds then for sitting
down and talking about collaborations with our fellow citizens of the Top End?
And
are we limited only to the Yolngu? Ethnomusicologists have always recognised a
degree of creativity in Yolngu music-making; but have tended to dismiss this
possibility in regard to the people of the Western Desert. Taking the lead from
T.G.H.Strehlow, the common wisdom has been that desert music is a repertoire
learnt from rote; that there is no modern-day creativity. As Strehlow once put
it, as if sealing the question for ever in relation to the Arrernte people, the
thoroughness of their forefathers in commemorating the landscape in song and
verse had left them 'not a single unoccupied scene which they could fill with
the creatures of their own imagination' (Strehlow 1947).
My
own brief experience, however, suggests that the process of learning Central
Australian songs is more a matter of re-creation than rote repetition;
the young singer learns the techniques by which s/he may deduce the method of
applying text to each songline's melody shape. Articles by Catherine Ellis and
Ken Hale and more recently, Myf Turpin, support this contention (1984).
As for
a creative repertoire fixed for all time in the Dreamtime, one still hears of
new verses being 'dreamt'. Sure the fact that the new material needs to well up
from a realm remote from human activity, apparently impervious to human
intercession, has ramifications for orchestral deadlines, but there is still a
degree of creativity in traditional Central Australian music which could serve
as a basis for collaboration. And Centralian's are not fazed by working in our
ways. Jenny Newsome tells the story of old tjilpis from the tribal lands
up in northern South Australia correcting the part-singing of CASM students.
How? Because they were recalling what they'd picked up about voice leading when
they were in the Ernabella Choir.
Finally,
why should our orchestras engage with these indigenous musics?
Well,
Béla Bartók, who went out with a wax cylinder phonograph to record Eastern
European folk music in the early years of this century, found that the richest
music resulted from the so-called 'clash of cultures'. Australia hosts some of
the most contrasting cultures on the face of the globe. Surely, when one
considers the range of Aboriginal music that exists here (from the various
traditional musics still being performed, to modern popular manifestations),
there is much potential to explore.
But
the best reason simply is this: we live in this land. The centre of our
existence is here. Should we not have a repertoire that tells us how Sydney
Dwarf Apples flower more prolifically after fire or that the Red-tailed Black
Cockatoo comes into Alice just before rain? The institutions and traditions,
which were brought here from Europe, must adjust to the new environment. In the
matter of our musical institutions, we must learn from the native musical
traditions.
We
live in Australia. We must sing about Australia. Or as they might say in
Eastern Arnhem Land:
Gordon
Kalton Williams, © 1998/2013
References:
Knopoff,
S. 1992 'Yuta Manikay: Juxtaposition of Ancestral and
Contemporary Elements in the Performance of Yolngu Clan Songs', Yearbook of
Traditional Music: 24.
See
for example, Hale, K. 1984 'Remarks on Creativity in Aboriginal Verse' in, eds.
Kassler, J.C. & Stubington, J. Problems and Solution, Sydney: Hale
and Ironmonger.
Strehlow,
T.G.H. 1947, Aranda Traditions, Melbourne: University of Melbourne.
Turpin,
M. 2007, ‘Artfully hidden: text and rhythm in a Central Australian Aboriginal
song series.’ Musicology Australia,
29, 93-108
* D.H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda, lived in Thirroul on the Illawarra coast, 70 kms (44 miles) south of Sydney in 1922.
Symphony
Australia,
formerly ABC Concerts, is a wholly-owned company of the Australian Broadcasting
Corporation. It is the service organisation for the former ABC orchestras — the
Adelaide, Melbourne, Queensland, Sydney, Tasmanian and West Australian Symphony
Orchestras.
[i]
Music is our Culture: narration — Jardine Kiwat, Grayson Rotumah, Kerry
McKenzie, Chester Schultz and Jensen Warusam.
[ii]
Steve Knopoff, personal communication, 15 April 1998.
[iii]
Thanks to Dr Michael Christie, of the Northern Territory University, for
correcting and improving my Dhuwala.
If you liked this blog, others of mine on indigenous Australian issues are:
Journey to Horseshoe Bend - ten years on, 28 May 2013
@ http://gordonkaltonwilliams.blogspot.com/2013/05/journey-to-horseshoe-bend-ten-years-on.html
Life-changing statements, 16 December 2012
Ah, Nathanael, 29 November 2012
Victory over death and despair in a bygone age (thoughts on John Strehlow's The Tale of Frieda Keysser), 5 Nov 2012
Virginia in the Desert, 10 Sep 2012
Drowned Man in a Dry Creekbed - Happy New Year 1993, 6 August 2012
Opera in a land of Song, 29 July 2012
Considering the aboriginal land of Altjira, 20 May 2012
If you liked this blog, others of mine on indigenous Australian issues are:
Journey to Horseshoe Bend - ten years on, 28 May 2013
@ http://gordonkaltonwilliams.blogspot.com/2013/05/journey-to-horseshoe-bend-ten-years-on.html
Life-changing statements, 16 December 2012
Ah, Nathanael, 29 November 2012
Victory over death and despair in a bygone age (thoughts on John Strehlow's The Tale of Frieda Keysser), 5 Nov 2012
Virginia in the Desert, 10 Sep 2012
Drowned Man in a Dry Creekbed - Happy New Year 1993, 6 August 2012
Opera in a land of Song, 29 July 2012
Considering the aboriginal land of Altjira, 20 May 2012
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